Fig. 3

EcN_OMVs at moderate concentrations promote the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells. a Viability of RAW264.7 cells at 16 h after exposure to EcN_OMVs at various concentrations. b The LDH activity in the cell supernatant at 16 h after exposure to EcN_OMVs at various concentrations. Data are representative of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; versus control