|
Infective dose
|
105CFU spores
|
105− 109 CFU spores or vegetative
|
–
|
9, 19, 27
|
|
Routes of infection
|
Oral gavage
|
Oral gavage
|
Fecal-oral transmission
|
9, 19, 27
|
|
Antibiotics administration
|
Antibiotic cocktails
|
Clindamycin treated; Antibiotic cocktails; Cefoperazone treated
|
Antibiotics exposure
|
9, 17, 18, 19, 27
|
|
Disease features
|
Numbers of infection
|
60% (9/15) exhibited signs of disease at 4 days
|
All hamsters developed diseases; parts of the mouse (58%) showed the clinical signs of CDI at 2 to 4 days
|
Usually happened in elderly patients or antibiotics usage
|
9, 27
|
|
Symptoms or signs
|
Diarrhea; weight loss
|
Wet tail; diarrhea; weight loss
|
From asymptomatic to severe colitis
|
9, 18, 19, 27
|
|
Deaths
|
None
|
Most died within 48 h for hamster; few death occurred for mouse
|
Some cases developed to death
|
9, 17, 18
|
|
Lesion sites
|
Ileum and colon
|
Colon and cecum
|
Colon
|
9, 17, 18
|
|
Gut microbiota changes
|
Normal or before infection
|
Dominated with Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria phylum
|
Dominated with Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phylum
|
Dominated with Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes phylum
|
18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 27
|
|
Antibiotics treatments
|
Lower microbial diversity and richness; dominated with Lactobacillus
|
Lower microbial diversity and richness; dominated with Lactobacillus
|
Lower microbial diversity and richness; dominated with Lactobacillus
|
18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 27
|
|
After C. difficile infection
|
Proteobacteria, Clostridiales, Enterobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Escherichia increased
|
Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Verrucomicrobiaceae and Lachnospiraceae increased
|
Bacteroidetes, Lachnospiraceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Escherichia increased
|
18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 27
|
