Table 2 Drugs and small molecules against influenza virus that prevent infection with influenza viruses. [Against Influenza viruses]
From: Redox control in the pathophysiology of influenza virus infection
Hydroxyl antioxidants | Effect on influenza virus infection | References |
|---|---|---|
Atorvastatin (Lipitor) | Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase | Episcopio et al. [229] |
Clarithromycin (Biaxin) | Inhibition of MCP-1 and MMP-9, Increases of IL6 and IFNgamma | Takahashi et al. [230] |
Flavonoids | Effect on influenza virus infection | References |
5,7,4’-Trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone | Inhibition of virus fusion with endosome/lysosome membranes | |
Catechins | Inhibition of HA and NA activity Inhibition of viral endonuclease activity | Song et al. [188] Kazuhara et al. [236] |
Quercetin 3-rhamnoside | Reduction of the cytopathic effect (CPE) | Choi et al. [237] |
Isoquercetin | Decrease in viral titers | Kim et al. [219] |
Oligonol (+NAC) | Inhibition of nuclear export of vRNP | Gangehei et al .[238] |
Viral enzymes and membrane proteins as targets | Effect on influenza virus infection | References |
Amantadine | Inhibitor of the matrix protein M2 | Pica and Palese [239] |
Selenium nanoparticles with amantadine ROS-mediated AKT phosphorylation signal against H1N1 | Nabar et al. [240] | |
Selenium nanoparticles with ribavirin RNA polymerase inhibitor | Lin et al. [241] Li et al. [161] | |
Activation of the caspase-3 apoptotic pathway against H1N1 | Li et al. [161] Lin el al [241]. | |
Prion | Protects mice from lethal infection with IAV Reduce the ROS in infected lung | Chida et al. [242] |
NS1 | H9N2-NS1 induced ROS and apoptosis | Qi et al. [200] |
Oseltamivir and zanamivir | Inhibitor of neuraminidase (NA) | Kode et al. [243] |
Laninamivir | Inhibitor of HA | Tomozawa et al. [244] |
Peramivir | Inhibitor of HA | Scott et al. [245] |
Rimantadine | Inhibitor of M2 ion channel | Alves Galvão et al. [246] |
NMS-873 | Inhibitor of p97 (AAA+ ATPase, VCP) Oseltamivir resistant strain specific | Zhang et al. [247] |
Baloxavir marboxil | Cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor | O’Hanlon et al. [248] |
1,3-dihydorxy-6-benzo[C] chromone D715-2441 + zanamivir | PB2 Inhibitor Binding to PBcap | Liu et al. [249] |
Salinomycin + oseltamivir (OSV-P) | M2 channel blocker Inhibition of HA | Jang et al., [250] |
10e (Am2-S31N blocker) | Proton channel blocker and M2 blocker | Hu et al. [251] |
Favipiravir | PB1 inhibitor | Goldhill et al. [252] |
Triple combination of Zanamivir + Clarithromycin + Flufenamic acid (FFA) | Inhibitor of HA | Lee et al. [253] |
Others | Effect on influenza virus infection | References |
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) | Increasing of H1N1 viral titer | Chen et al. [254] Sanpui et al. [255] |
Umifenovir | Interact with HA to inhibit HA | Chida et al. [242] |