From: Redox control in the pathophysiology of influenza virus infection
Thiol compounds and prodrugs | Effect on influenza virus infection | References |
---|---|---|
N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) | • Reduction of the cell population at the G0/G1 phase • Reduction of pro-inflammatory molecule | Geiler et al. [174] Ghezzi et al. [175] Wu et al. [197] Zhang et al .[176] Garigliany et al. [177] |
Glutathione (GSH) | • Affects viral mRNA export and decreases the expression of late viral proteins • Inhibition of caspase activation and Fas upregulation | Nencioni et al .[198] Cai et al. [52] |
GSH-C4 | • Inhibition of influenza virus HA maturation • Inhibition of influenza virus replication and Th1 immune cells induction | Sgarbanti et al. [180] Amatore et al. [44] |
PDTC (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate) | • Decrease in viral RNA synthesis • Inhibition of apoptosis | Uchide et al. [199] Qi et al. [200] |
Hydroxyl antioxidants | Effect on influenza virus infection | References |
 NDGA  (Nordihydroguaiaretic acid) | • Inhibition of apoptotic DNA fragmentation and virus proliferation | Uchide et al. [201] |
 Thujaplicin | • Inhibition of apoptosis, virus replication and release from the infected cells | Miyamoto et al. [202] Uchide et al .[203] |
 Resveratrol/ Vitisin A  (tetramer of resveratrol) | • Inhibition of the nuclear–cytoplasmic translocation of vRNP • Downregulation of viral proteins • Inhibition of protein kinase C activity • Inhibition of virus-induced RANTES production, to decrease of the virus-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and STAT1 | Palamara et al. [204] Huang et al. [205] Uchide et al .[203] |
 Ambroxol | • Stimulation of the release of pulmonary surfactants, mucus protease inhibitor, IgA, and IgG • Suppression of the release of cytokines, TNF-α IFN-γ, and interleukin-12 | Yang et al. [206] Uchide et al. [203] |
 Ascorbic acid | • Inhibition of the entry of viruses • Increase in the production of IFN-α/β at the initial stage of infection • Inhibition of excessive CORT synthesis | Wang et al. [207] Kim et al. [208] Cai et al. [209] Kim et al. [210] |
 Tert-buthylhydroquinone (tBHQ) | • Inhibiting of ROS production and increase antioxidation | |
 Monoacetylcodine (MAC) + Curcumin | • Inhibition NA activity • Inhibition IAV infection better then curcumin only | Richart et al. [213] |
 Curcumin + Resveratrol | • Scavenging of H2O2, HON, and ROON • Inhibition of TLR 2/4, p38MAPK, and NFkB | Sharma et al. [214] Barzeger et al. [215] Dai et al. [216] |
 Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl anthraquinone) | • Inhibition of IA replication, IV pneumonia • Inhibition of TLR 4, p38/JNK, and NFkB | Dai et al. [217] |
 Oxymatrine (OMT); C15H24N2O20, imunosuppressive reagent | • Antioxidant • Suppression of inflammation and viral infections • Hepatoprotective and immunosuppressive • Inducer of TLR4, p38 MAPK, NFkB, and PI3K/AkT | Dai et al. [56] |
 Aurantiamide acetate (E17) | • Strong anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects | Zhou et al. [218] |
 4-PBA (4-phenyl butyrate) | • Inhibitor of ER stress | Jung et al. [129] |
 Kaempferol | • Inhibition of TLR4/MyD88-mediated signaling of NFkB and MAPK | Zhang et al. [57] |
 Apocynin | • Inhibitor of NOX2 • Inhibition of ROS and IV-induced cytokine production | Ye et al. [45] |
Flavonoids | Effect on influenza virus infection | References |
 Dianthus (quercetin 3; isorhamnetin 3) | • Binding to IV polymerase membrane glycoproteins ROS inhibitor | Kim et al. [219] |
 Quercetin  Quercetin 3-glucoside | • Protecting low-density lipoprotein against oxidation • Antithrombic, antivirus, and anti-inflammatory effcets • Supression of ROS | Formica et al. [220] Nile et al. [221] |
Polyphenol | Effect on influenza virus infection | References |
 Chlorogenic acid | • Antivirus and antihypertension effects • Protection of dopaminergic neurons against neuroinflammation | Zhao et al. [222] Shen et al. [223] Ding et al. [224] |
 Bakuchiol | • Activation of Nrf2 pathway | Shoji et al. [28] |
Chemicals | Effect on influenza virus infection | References |
 Poly (aniline-co-pyrrole) polymerized nanoregulators (PASomes) with mPEG-b-pPhe (methoxy polyethylene glycol-block-polyphenylalanine copolymer) | • Inhibition of ROS production • Inhibition of viral replication and cell death | Kim et al. [225] |
 Cholesterol conjugated gp91 of NOX2 oxidase gp91phox sequence linked to the human immunodeficiency virus-tat peptide (Cgp91de-TAT) | • Inhibitor of NOX2 oxidase • Inhibitor of ROS and inflammation | To et al. [226] |
 Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP-1) | • Inhibition of HO-1 • Inhibition of H9N2 proliferation | Qi et al. [227] |
Genes | Effect on influenza virus infection | References |
 Bax Inhibitor-1 | • Inhibiting ROS mdiated cell death and augmented HO-1 • H9N2-NS1 induced ROS and apoptosis | Hosain et al. [228] Qi et al. [200] |