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Table 1 Drugs and small molecules against ROS that prevent infection with influenza viruses. [Against ROS]

From: Redox control in the pathophysiology of influenza virus infection

Thiol compounds and prodrugs

Effect on influenza virus infection

References

N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)

• Reduction of the cell population at the G0/G1 phase

• Reduction of pro-inflammatory molecule

Geiler et al. [174]

Ghezzi et al. [175]

Wu et al. [197]

Zhang et al .[176]

Garigliany et al. [177]

Glutathione (GSH)

• Affects viral mRNA export and decreases the expression of late viral proteins

• Inhibition of caspase activation and Fas upregulation

Nencioni et al .[198]

Cai et al. [52]

GSH-C4

• Inhibition of influenza virus HA maturation

• Inhibition of influenza virus replication and Th1 immune cells induction

Sgarbanti et al. [180]

Amatore et al. [44]

PDTC (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate)

• Decrease in viral RNA synthesis

• Inhibition of apoptosis

Uchide et al. [199]

Qi et al. [200]

Hydroxyl antioxidants

Effect on influenza virus infection

References

 NDGA

 (Nordihydroguaiaretic acid)

• Inhibition of apoptotic DNA fragmentation and virus proliferation

Uchide et al. [201]

 Thujaplicin

• Inhibition of apoptosis, virus replication and release from the infected cells

Miyamoto et al. [202]

Uchide et al .[203]

 Resveratrol/ Vitisin A

 (tetramer of resveratrol)

• Inhibition of the nuclear–cytoplasmic translocation of vRNP

• Downregulation of viral proteins

• Inhibition of protein kinase C activity

• Inhibition of virus-induced RANTES production, to decrease of the virus-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and STAT1

Palamara et al. [204]

Huang et al. [205]

Uchide et al .[203]

 Ambroxol

• Stimulation of the release of pulmonary surfactants, mucus protease inhibitor, IgA, and IgG

• Suppression of the release of cytokines, TNF-α IFN-γ, and interleukin-12

Yang et al. [206]

Uchide et al. [203]

 Ascorbic acid

• Inhibition of the entry of viruses

• Increase in the production of IFN-α/β at the initial stage of infection

• Inhibition of excessive CORT synthesis

Wang et al. [207]

Kim et al. [208]

Cai et al. [209]

Kim et al. [210]

 Tert-buthylhydroquinone (tBHQ)

• Inhibiting of ROS production and increase antioxidation

Antanasijevic et al. [211, 212]

 Monoacetylcodine (MAC) + Curcumin

• Inhibition NA activity

• Inhibition IAV infection better then curcumin only

Richart et al. [213]

 Curcumin + Resveratrol

• Scavenging of H2O2, HON, and ROON

• Inhibition of TLR 2/4, p38MAPK, and NFkB

Sharma et al. [214]

Barzeger et al. [215]

Dai et al. [216]

 Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl anthraquinone)

• Inhibition of IA replication, IV pneumonia

• Inhibition of TLR 4, p38/JNK, and NFkB

Dai et al. [217]

 Oxymatrine (OMT); C15H24N2O20, imunosuppressive reagent

• Antioxidant

• Suppression of inflammation and viral infections

• Hepatoprotective and immunosuppressive

• Inducer of TLR4, p38 MAPK, NFkB, and PI3K/AkT

Dai et al. [56]

 Aurantiamide acetate (E17)

• Strong anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects

Zhou et al. [218]

 4-PBA (4-phenyl butyrate)

• Inhibitor of ER stress

Jung et al. [129]

 Kaempferol

• Inhibition of TLR4/MyD88-mediated signaling of NFkB and MAPK

Zhang et al. [57]

 Apocynin

• Inhibitor of NOX2

• Inhibition of ROS and IV-induced cytokine production

Ye et al. [45]

Flavonoids

Effect on influenza virus infection

References

 Dianthus (quercetin 3; isorhamnetin 3)

• Binding to IV polymerase membrane glycoproteins ROS inhibitor

Kim et al. [219]

 Quercetin

 Quercetin 3-glucoside

• Protecting low-density lipoprotein against oxidation

• Antithrombic, antivirus, and anti-inflammatory effcets

• Supression of ROS

Formica et al. [220]

Nile et al. [221]

Polyphenol

Effect on influenza virus infection

References

 Chlorogenic acid

• Antivirus and antihypertension effects

• Protection of dopaminergic neurons against neuroinflammation

Zhao et al. [222]

Shen et al. [223]

Ding et al. [224]

 Bakuchiol

• Activation of Nrf2 pathway

Shoji et al. [28]

Chemicals

Effect on influenza virus infection

References

 Poly (aniline-co-pyrrole) polymerized nanoregulators (PASomes) with mPEG-b-pPhe (methoxy polyethylene glycol-block-polyphenylalanine copolymer)

• Inhibition of ROS production

• Inhibition of viral replication and cell death

Kim et al. [225]

 Cholesterol conjugated gp91 of NOX2 oxidase gp91phox sequence linked to the human immunodeficiency virus-tat peptide (Cgp91de-TAT)

• Inhibitor of NOX2 oxidase

• Inhibitor of ROS and inflammation

To et al. [226]

 Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP-1)

• Inhibition of HO-1

• Inhibition of H9N2 proliferation

Qi et al. [227]

Genes

Effect on influenza virus infection

References

 Bax Inhibitor-1

• Inhibiting ROS mdiated cell death and augmented HO-1

• H9N2-NS1 induced ROS and apoptosis

Hosain et al. [228]

Qi et al. [200]