Fig. 6

The effects of arsenate and ampicillin co-treatment on persister formation, ATP levels, and persister resuscitation. a-b Exponentially growing cells (OD₆₀₀ = 0.25) were treated with solvent (DI water) or 10 mM arsenate for 30 min. At t = 180 min, ampicillin was added into cell cultures. After the ampicillin treatment, cells were transferred to fresh LB media to monitor persister resuscitation with a flow cytometry. c Cells during the antibiotic treatments were plated to generate the kill curves (N = 3). d ATP levels of control and co-treatment groups were measured before ampicillin treatment using a BacTiter-Glo™ Microbial Cell Viability Assay kit (N = 3). *indicates a significant difference between control and co-treatment groups (P < 0.05)