Fig. 5

Association of milk mycobiota diversity and composition with environmental and maternal factors and milk bacterial composition. Milk fungi taxonomy at (a) phylum and (b) genus levels. Samples are in the same order in panels a and b. c Association of intrapartum antibiotics and study city with the presence of selected fungal species tested by chi-squared test. d Association of birth mode and city with fungal richness, and of maternal atopy and indoor moisture level with fungal diversity, tested by Wilcoxon rank sum test. e Correlation of bacteria and fungi richness and diversity. f Association of milk bacterial clusters and bacterial composition outliers with fungal β diversity assessed on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix and tested by PERMANOVA. g Co-occurrence analysis of most abundant bacteria and fungi (> 1% mean relative abundance) in milk based on Spearman rank correlation. Only significant edges with r > |0.5| are visualised. Nodes with no connections were removed, including 5 bacterial and 11 fungal taxa. IAP, intrapartum antibiotics. ~ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05