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Table 4 Logistic regression analyses of factors associated with multiple drug resistance or extensive drug resistance in Haemophilus influenzae

From: Extensively drug-resistant Haemophilus influenzae – emergence, epidemiology, risk factors, and regimen

Variable

Multiple drug resistant

Extensive drug resistant

Univariate

Multivariate

Univariate

Multivariate

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P

Demography

 Year

0.995 (0.966–1.025)

0.735

  

1.019 (0.938–1.106)

0.664

  

 Age

0.997 (0.993–1.002)

0.244

  

0.994 (0.982–1.006)

0.332

  

 Gender (Male = 1, Female = 0)

0.786 (0.640–0.966)

0.022

0.769 (0.624–0.946)

0.013

1.128 (0.615–2.071)

0.697

  

Specimen type

 Respiratory tracts (Yes = 1, No = 0)

1.174 (0.818–1.684)

0.385

  

0.581 (0.258–1.308)

0.190

  

 Blood (Yes = 1, No = 0)

0.683 (0.327–1.428)

0.311

  

4.061 (1.399–11.790)

0.010

4.069 (1.339–12.365)

0.013

 Others (Yes = 1, No = 0)

0.923 (0.614–1.386)

0.699

  

0.914 (0.281–2.973)

0.881

  

 β-lactamase (Positive = 1, Negative   = 0)a

0.985 (0.875–1.109)

0.802

  

0.936 (0.671–1.304)

0.694

  

Specimen source

 Outpatient department (Yes = 1, No = 0)

1.141 (0.897–1.451)

0.284

  

1.543 (0.828–2.876)

0.172

  

 Emergency room (Yes = 1, No = 0)

0.861 (0.638–1.162)

0.327

  

0.728 (0.287–1.847)

0.504

  

 Wards (Yes = 1, No = 0)

0.695 (0.570–0.849)

< 0.001

0.816 (0.648–1.029)

0.086

0.380 (0.198–0.728)

0.004

0.517 (0.245–1.091)

0.083

 Intensive care units (Yes = 1, No = 0)

1.541 (1.240–1.915)

< 0.001

1.410 (1.094–1.818)

0.008

2.165 (1.233–3.802)

0.007

1.695 (0.880–3.265)

0.115

Infection route

 Hospital-acquired infection (Yes = 1, No = 0)

1.048 (0.789–1.392)

0.747

  

0.394 (0.122–1.274)

0.120

  
  1. Multiple drug resistance is defined as acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. Extensive drug resistance is defined as susceptible to only one antimicrobial category. Specimens other than those from respiratory tracts and blood include wound, pus, abscess, body fluids, and tissues. Hospital-acquired infection is defined as an infection occurs after 7 days of hospital admission. an = 933. Abbreviation: CI confidence intervals