Fig. 6

Immune activation of the paramylon extracted from E. gracilis in RAW264.7 cells. After being recognized by receptors on the membrane of macrophages, members of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways were phosphorylated and thus activated the related immune genes in the nucleus such as iNOS, TNF-α and IL-6 which were translated into proteins to produce NO, TNF-α and IL-6 and exert immunomodulatory effects