Fig. 4

Paramylon activates NF-κB signaling. a The levels of p-IKK-α/β, IKK-β, IKK-α, phosphor-IκB-α (p-IκB-α), IκB-α, p-p65, p65 were detected in RAW264.7 cells by Western blot and normalized to α-tubulin. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/mL) was used as a positive control. b Nuclear translocation of the NF-κB/p65 subunit was observed by confocal microscopy. DAPI was used to label the nucleus. Cells in 96-well plates (1 × 10⁵ cells/well) were incubated with 200 μg/mL paramylon with NF-κB signaling pathway inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 50 μM) to measure NO (c), TNF-α (d) and IL-6 (e) levels in the culture medium. Representative results from three independent experiments are shown, *** P < 0.001