Fig. 5

Potential biomarkers for HR-HPV infection by LEfSe. a) Histogram of differentially abundant taxa in penile microbiota of men with and without HR-HPV infections, and b) a six-level cladogram with a taxonomic hierarchical structure indicating differentially abundant taxa in penile microbiota of men with and without HR-HPV infections. Each coloured solid represents a taxon and its diameter is proportional to the taxon’s relative abundance. Blue and green colours represent statistically significant taxon ranks in HR-HPV-positive and negative group, respectively. For visualisation purposes, only differentially abundant features at logarithmic LDA scores > 3.0 or < − 3.0 are shown. Asterisks in the histogram indicate significantly differentially abundant taxa with q < 0.2 after FDR correction