Fig. 3

Alpha diversity measures of penile microbiota. Comparison of the alpha diversity of penile microbiota grouped by a) high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection status, b) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection status, c) HR-HPV and HIV infection status, and d) CD4⁺ T-cell count status. In each plot, the box ranges from the first to the third quartile, with the median represented by the horizontal line. The whiskers extend to the smallest and largest non-outliers and outliers are represented by dots