Fig. 2

Community state types (CSTs) identified in the penile microbiota. a) Heatmap of the relative abundances of bacterial taxa in the 238 penile microbiota. Taxa names of bacteria are shown on the left of the heatmap. The “Other” comprised of pooled bacteria at < 0.31% relative abundance each (n = 622, total relative abundance: 6.49%). Rows represent the bacterial taxa and columns the samples. The colour key for the relative abundances is indicated in the upper right corner. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV) and high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection status of the men are indicated. The dendrogram based on average linkage hierarchical clustering of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix is shown and was used to define the six community state types (CST-1 through − 6). b) Comparison of the alpha diversity of penile microbiota grouped by individual and pooled CSTs. c) Comparison of beta diversity (UniFrac distance) of the penile microbiota grouped by individual and pooled CSTs