Fig. 4

VVH bind to gangliosides. a The structures of gangliosides that associate with VVH by glycolipid array. The red polygons indicate minimum structure for binding to VVH. b Pull-down assay by Lyso-GM1 sepharose. The pore-forming domain (PD) and lectin domain (LD) of VVH were expressed as the GST-fusion protein. Both domains of VVH, GST alone and the CTx-B were tried to pulled down with GM1 coupling sepharose. The GST-PD protein (21–300 a.a. of VVH without 20 a.a. of signal sequence) and GST-LD protein (301–451 a.a. of VVH) were expressed as the 59 kDa and the 43 kDa GST-fusion protein respectively