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Table 2 Univariable and multivariable multinomial logistic regression analysis of the association between intra-vaginal douching and vaginal microbiota, referenced to Lactobacillus crispatus-dominated microbiota, of 25 study participants enrolled at the Public Health Service clinic in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, from September 2015 to January 2017

From: Effects of an over-the-counter lactic-acid containing intra-vaginal douching product on the vaginal microbiota

  

Univariable model

Multivariable model

No. of samples

N = 1061

Lactobacillus iners-dominated microbiota

Univariable ORa (95% CI)

Diverse Lactobacilli Univariable ORa (95% CI)

Diverse anaerobes

Univariable ORa (95% CI)

P-value

Lactobacillus iners-dominated microbiota

Multivariable ORa (95% CI)

Diverse Lactobacilli Multivariable ORa (95% CI)

Diverse anaerobes

Multivariable ORa (95% CI)

P-value

Study Cycle

    

0.321

   

0.376

 First cycle (no douche)

207

Ref

Ref

Ref

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

 

 Second cycle (douching)

650

1.0 (0.7–1.5)

0.8 (0.5–1.3)

1.4 (0.9–2.1)

 

1.0 (0.7–1.5)

0.8 (0.5–1.4)

1.4 (0.9–2.1)

 

 Third cycle (wash-out)

204

1.0 (0.6–1.7)

0.6 (0.2–1.7)

1.5 (0.8–2.8)

 

1.0 (0.6–1.8)

0.6 (0.2–1.8)

1.7 (0.9–3.1)

 

Vaginal intercourse on day of sampling

155

1.1 (0.6–2.0)

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

1.0 (0.4–2.4)

0.814

    

Menses on day of sampling

208

1.8 (1.1–3.2)

2.2 (1.1–4.4)

1.7 (1.0–2.8)

0.025

1.9 (1.1–3.2)

2.2 (1.0–4.5)

1.7 (1.0–2.9)

0.025

Combined oral contraceptive use

600

0.9 (0.2–5.2)

0.9 (0.2–3.2)

0.9 (0.1–5.5)

0.997

    

Interaction menses and douching

    

0.099

    

 No menses

601

Ref

Ref

Ref

     

 Menses, no douching

376

2.0 (1.2–3.2)

2.0 (0.9–4.2)

1.5 (0.9–2.4)

     

 Menses and douching

84

2.1 (1.0–4.5)

3.0 (1.0–9.4)

2.6 (1.0–6.5)

     
  1. aAdjusted for multiple (within subject) measurements using generalized estimating equations and referenced to Lactobacillus crispatus-dominated VM
  2. Bold values denote statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level