Table 1 Antimicrobial resistance profiles and carriage of virulence genes among S. epidermidis clinical and colonized isolates
|  | Clinical isolates (N = 223) | Colonized isolates (N = 106) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | ||
Antimicrobials | |||||
 penicillin | 213 | 95.52 | 87 | 82.08 | 0.000 |
 tetracycline | 76 | 34.08 | 19 | 17.92 | 0.004 |
 ciprofloxacin | 66 | 29.60 | 37 | 34.91 | 0.000 |
 chloramphenicol | 78 | 34.98 | 10 | 9.43 | 0.000 |
 gentamicin | 72 | 32.29 | 21 | 19.81 | 0.000 |
 clindamycin | 110 | 49.33 | 36 | 33.96 | 0.000 |
 erythromycin | 184 | 82.51 | 66 | 62.26 | 0.000 |
 Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 99 | 44.39 | 27 | 25.47 | 0.000 |
 linezolid | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.94 | 0.684 |
 vancomycin | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | NAa |
Biofilm formation | 21 | 9.42 | 19 | 17.92 | Â |
Virulence genes | |||||
 icaA | 46 | 20.63 | 24 | 22.64 | 0.202 |
 aap | 148 | 66.37 | 61 | 57.55 | 0.022 |
 sesI | 39 | 17.49 | 4 | 3.77 | 0.000 |
 arcA | 112 | 52.02 | 37 | 34.91 | 0.000 |
 IS256 | 97 | 43.50 | 2 | 1.89 | 0.000 |
 Bhp | 102 | 22.32 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.000 |
 Aae | 443 | 96.94 | 13 | 12.26 | 0.000 |
 GehD | 168 | 36.76 | 7 | 6.60 | 0.000 |
Resistance genes | |||||
 mupA | 41 | 18.38 | 11 | 10.38 | 0.065 |
 qacA/B | 100 | 44.84 | 57 | 53.77 | 0.058 |