Table 1 Antibiotic resistance patterns and molecular determination of resistance genes in studied isolates
ST131 (n = 69) | Non-ST131 (n = 84) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
antibiotics | O25b-ST131 n = 63 | O16-ST131 n = 6 | Total ST131 | Human (n = 56) | broiler (n = 28) | P value | |
ST131 vs. non-ST131 | ST131 vs broilers | ||||||
Antibiotic resistance rates, n(%) | |||||||
 Imipenem | 1 (1.6) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (2.9) | 0 | 0 |  |  |
 Meropenem | 1 (1.6) | 0 | 1 (1.4) | 1 (1.8) | 0 |  |  |
 Ertapenem | 8 (12.7) | 1 (16.7) | 9 (13) | 12 (21.4) | 0 |  | 0.05 |
 Ceftazidime | 49 (77.8) | 5 (83.3) | 54 (78.3) | 48 (85.7) | 1 (3.6) |  | 0.001 |
 Cefepime | 37 (58.7) | 4 (66.7) | 41 (59.4) | 37 (66.1) | 1 (3.6) |  | 0.001 |
 Cefotaxime | 61 (96.8) | 5 (83.3) | 66 (95,7) | 56 (100) | 1 (3.6) |  | 0.001 |
 Ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin | 63 (100) | 0 | 63 (91.3) | 56 (100) | 18 (64.3) | 0.03 | 0.002 |
 Piperacillin/tazobactam | 10 (15.9) | 2 (33.3) | 12 (17.4) | 24 (42.8) | 1 (3.6) | 0.003 |  |
 Ampicillin/sulbactam | 27 (43.5) | 5 (83.3) | 32 (46.4) | 39 (69.6) | 0 | 0.01 | 0.001 |
 Amoxicillin/clavulanate | 36 (57.1) | 5 (83.3) | 41 (59.4) | 44 (78.6) | 4 (14.3) | 0.03 | 0.001 |
 Aztreonam | 59 (93.7) | 5 (83.3) | 64 (92.8) | 52 (93) | 1 (3.6) |  | 0.001 |
 Trimethoprim/sulfameth | 44 (69.8) | 5 (83.3) | 49 (71) | 48 (85.7) | 20 (71.4) | 0.05 |  |
 Tobramycin | 32 (50.8) | 1 (16.7) | 33 (47.8) | 38 (67.8) | 3 (10.7) | 0.03 | 0.001 |
 Amikacin | 7 (11.1) | 0 | 7 (10.1) | 8 (14.3) | 0 |  |  |
 Gentamicin | 29 (46) | 2 (33.3) | 31 (44.9) | 33 (59) | 1 (3.6) |  | 0.001 |
 Resistance score (median) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 2 | 0.01 | 0.001 |
 ESBL phenotype | 61 (96.8) | 5 (83.3) | 66 (95.6) | 56 (100) | 1 (3.6) |  | 0.001 |
 MDR | 60 (95.2) | 5 (83.3) | 65 (94.2) | 56 (100) | 7 (25) |  | 0.001 |
Resistance genes, n(%) | |||||||
 blaOXA-48 | 22 (34.9) | 4 (66.7) | 26 (37.7) | 4 (7.1) | 0 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
 blaNDM | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |  |  |
 blaTEM | 41 (65) | 4 (66.7) | 45 (65.2) | 45 (80.4) | 18 (66.7) |  |  |
 blaSHV | 29 (46) | 2 (33.3) | 31 (44.9) | 24 (42.1) | 5 (18.5) |  | 0.01 |
 blaCTX-M-15 | 51 (81) | 6 (100) | 57 (82.6) | 38 (67.9) | 20 (71.4) |  |  |
 CTX-M-G-1 | 55 (87.3) | 6 (100) | 61 (88.4) | 47 (83.9) | 26 (92.9) |  |  |
 CTX-M-G-2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (3.6) | 2 (7.1) |  |  |
 CTX-M-G-8 | 0 | 3 (50) | 3 (4.3) | 0 | 0 |  |  |
 CTX-M-G-9 | 20 (31.7) | 0 | 20 (29) | 7 (12.5) | 13 (46.4) | 0.03 |  |
 CTX-M-G-25 | 18 (28.6) | 3 (50) | 21 (30.4) | 5 (8.9) | 2 (7.1) | 0.004 | 0.01 |
 aac6-Ib-cr | 43 (68.3) | 2 (33.3) | 45 (65.2) | 39 (69.6) | 7 (25) |  | 0.001 |
 qnrB | 9 (14.2) | 0 | 9 (13) | 8 (14.5) | 3 (10.7) |  |  |
 qnrS | 6 (9.5) | 0 | 6 (8.7) | 11 (19.6) | 5 (17.9) |  |  |
 ArmA | 4 (6.3) | 0 | 4 (5.8) | 6 (10.7) | 0 |  |  |
 aac6-Ib | 42 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | 44 (63.8) | 36 (64.3) | 6 (21.4) |  | 0.001 |
 aac3-IIa | 40 (63.5) | 3 (50) | 43 (62.3) | 42 (75.1) | 9 (32.1) |  | 0.01 |