Fig. 4

Cladogram plotted from the data of the Linear discriminant analysis and effect size (LEfSe) analysis of the probiotic treatment and control groups. The green circles represent clades with significantly higher abundance in the probiotic treatment groups, red circles represent clades with significantly higher abundance in the control groups, and yellow circles represent microbial clades without significant differences of abundance between the groups. Concentric rings from inside to the outside denote the taxonomical levels of phylum, class, order, family and genus. (a): Differentially abundant microbial clades in the fecal samples of raccoon dogs from the group that underwent probiotic treatment (RDP, n = 4) versus control (RDC, n = 4). (b): Differentially abundant microbial clades in the fecal samples from foxes that underwent probiotic treatment (FP, n = 6) versus control (FC, n = 6)