Fig. 8

Exclusion of cytoplasmic markers during ‘Ca. Berkiella cookevillensis’ nuclear invasion of HeLa cells. HeLa cells were transduced to express Rab5a-GFP (green) prior to CC99 infection. In these images Rab5a-GFP not associated with early endosomes was used as a cytoplasm marker. Cells were infected at an MOI of 200 and incubated for 24 h. HeLa cell and bacterial DNA were stained with DAPI (blue). Image series demonstrates a CC99-containing vacuole in close proximity to the host nucleus, b invading the host nucleus, and c inside the host nucleus. Throughout the nuclear invasion process, the cytoplasmic marker Rab5a-GFP was excluded from the nucleus, nor was there any DAPI-stained chromatin in the cytoplasm. Bars, 2 μm