Table 1 Isolates and epidemiology
Sample name | Species | Year | Host | Host Disease | Risk factor | Toxin-PCR | Elek | Outbreak ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
08–1143-CB1 | C. ulcerans | 2007 | Pig | Asymptomatic colonisation | NA | Positive | Positive | [7] |
KL0126-cb2 | C. ulcerans | 2007 | Human | Diphtheria-like | Animal contact (pig) | Positive | Positive | [7] |
KL0160 | C. pseudotuberculosis | 2009 | Goat | NA | NA | Negative | N.a. | – |
KL0182 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2010 | Boar | Lymphadenitis | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0183 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2010 | Boar | Lymphadenitis | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0194 | C. ulcerans | 2010 | Human | NA | NA | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0195 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2010 | Human | NA | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0199 | C. ulcerans | 2010 | Human | NA | NA | Negative | N.a. | – |
KL0246-cb3 | C. ulcerans | 2010 | Human | NA | Animal contact (cat) | Positive | Positive | [7] |
KL0251-cb4 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2010 | Cat | Asymptomatic colonisation | NA | Positive | Negative | [7] |
KL0252-cb5 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2010 | Cat | Asymptomatic colonisation | NA | Positive | Negative | [7] |
KL0259 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2011 | Boar | Lung abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0260 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2011 | Boar | Multiple abscesses | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0262 | C. pseudotuberculosis (NTTB) | 2011 | Buffalo | NA | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0263 | C. pseudotuberculosis (NTTB) | 2011 | Buffalo | NA | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0264 | C. pseudotuberculosis | 2011 | Human | NA | NA | Negative | Negative | – |
KL0265 | C. pseudotuberculosis | 2011 | Human | NA | NA | Negative | Negative | – |
KL0266 | C. pseudotuberculosis | 2011 | Human | NA | NA | Negative | Negative | – |
KL0269 | C. pseudotuberculosis | 2011 | Goat | Abscess | NA | Negative | N.a. | – |
KL0276 | C. diphtheriae | 2011 | Human | NA | NA | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0315-cb6 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2012 | Human | Ulcer | Animal contact (dog) | Positive | Negative | [7] |
KL0318-cb7 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2012 | Dog | Asymptomatic colonisation | NA | Positive | Negative | [7] |
KL0330 | C. diphtheriae | 2012 | Human | Wound infection | Homeless | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0345 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2012 | Cat | Rhinitis | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0349 | C. ulcerans | 2012 | Human | NA | NA | Negative | Negative | – |
KL0350 | C. ulcerans | 2012 | Human | NA | NA | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0355 | C. diphtheriae | 2012 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0360 | C. diphtheriae | 2012 | Human | Wound infection | Travel (Africa) | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0371 | C. diphtheriae | 2012 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0372 | C. diphtheriae | 2012 | Human | Wound infection | Mixed infection (S. aureus, Enterobacter spp., Pantoea spp.) | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0374 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2012 | Boar | NA | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0377 | C. diphtheriae | 2012 | Human | Wound infection | Mixed infection (hemolysing Streptococcus spp., group A) | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0382 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2012 | Boar | NA | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0386 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2012 | Boar | NA | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0387-cb8 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2012 | Human | Wound infection | Animal contact (cat) | Positive | Negative | [7] |
KL0392-cb9 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2012 | Cat | Asymptomatic colonisation | NA | Positive | Negative | [7] |
KL0394 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2013 | Boar | NA | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0395 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2013 | Boar | NA | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0396 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2013 | Boar | NA | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0400 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2013 | Boar | Abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0401 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2013 | Boar | Abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0433 | C. ulcerans | 2013 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0434 | C. diphtheriae | 2013 | Human | Wound infection (insect bite) | Travel (destination not reported) | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0438 | C. diphtheriae | 2013 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0442 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2013 | Human | Ulcer | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0451 | C. ulcerans | 2013 | Human | Sepsis, infected dialysis shunt | NA | Negative | N.a. | – |
KL0459 | C. ulcerans | 2013 | Human | Diphtheria-like | Animal contact (dog) | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0461 | C. diphtheriae | 2013 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0468 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2013 | Human | NA | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0472 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2013 | Human | NA | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0475 | C. ulcerans | 2013 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0476 | C. diphtheriae | 2013 | Human | Wound infection | Travel (destination not reported) | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0479 | C. diphtheriae | 2013 | Human | Wound infection | Hepatitis C | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0483 | C. ulcerans | 2014 | Human | Wound infection | Animal contact (dog) | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0497 | C. ulcerans | 2014 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0501 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2014 | Human | Pus | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0507 | C. diphtheriae | 2014 | Human | Sepsis | NA | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0515 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2014 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0522 | C. diphtheriae | 2014 | Human | Wound infection | Mixed infection (S. pyogenes), drug abuse | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0540 | C. ulcerans | 2014 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0541 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2014 | Human | Diphtheria-like | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0547 | C. ulcerans | 2014 | Human | Wound infection | Chronic wound with C. ulcerans, Streptococcus spp. (C), S. aureus | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0556 | C. ulcerans | 2014 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0557 | C. diphtheriae | 2014 | Human | Wound infection | Travel (Sri Lanka)Mixed infection (S. pyogenes) | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0565 | C. diphtheriae | 2014 | Human | Phlegmon | NA | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0581 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2014 | Boar | Abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0585 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | Wound infection, deep wound | NA | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0598 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2015 | Boar | Lymph node abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0599 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | Wound infection, abscess | Homeless | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0603 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | Abscess | Travel (Sri Lanka) | Positive | Positive | [5] |
KL0613 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | Ulcer | NA | Positive | Positive | [5] |
KL0615 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2015 | Boar | Abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0623 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | Wound infection | Travel (asylum seeker Eritrea) | Positive | Positive | [5] |
KL0625 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | Ulcer | Travel (asylum seeker Ethiopia), pulmonary tuberculosis | Positive | Positive | [5] |
KL0631 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | Abscess | Travel (asylum seeker) | Positive | Positive | [5] |
KL0633 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | Wound infection | Travel (asylum seeker Somalia) | Positive | Positive | [5] |
KL0638 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | Tonsilitis, pharyngitis, diptheria-like | Travel (Thailand)animal contact (cat, rabbit) | Positive | Positive | [5] |
KL0652 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | Abscess | Travel (asylum seeker) | Positive | Positive | [5] |
KL0654 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | NA | Travel (asylum seeker Eritrea) | Positive | Positive | [5] |
KL0655 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | NA | Travel (asylum seeker) | Positive | Positive | [5] |
KL0663 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | Wound infection | Travel (asylum seeker Eritrea) | Positive | Positive | [5] |
KL0670 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | NA | Travel (asylum seeker) | Positive | Positive | [5] |
KL0675 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | Wound infection, phlegmon, sepsis | Homeless | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0676 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0678 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | Wound infection | Homeless, alcohol abuse | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0691 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | Wound infection | Homeless | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0693 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | Sepsis, pneumonia | Origin: Poland | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0698 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0707 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2015 | Boar | NA | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0709 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2015 | Boar | NA | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0713 | C. diphtheriae | 2015 | Human | Wound infection, deep wound | NA | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0747 | C. diphtheriae | 2016 | Human | Wound infection | Homeless, drug abuse | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0759 | C. diphtheriae | 2016 | Human | Olecranon bursitis | Homeless | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0762 | C. diphtheriae | 2016 | Human | Pharyngitis, tonsillitis | NA | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0768 | C. diphtheriae | 2016 | Human | Sepsis, endocarditis | Homeless | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0770 | C. diphtheriae | 2016 | Human | Wound infection, ulcer | NA | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0773 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2016 | Boar | Abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0774 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2016 | Boar | Abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0785 | C. ulcerans | 2016 | Human | Wound infection, diabetic foot | Animal contact (dog), | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0788 | C. diphtheriae | 2016 | Human | phlegmon (post human bite) | Origin: Poland, homeless | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0796 | C. ulcerans | 2016 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0798 | C. diphtheriae | 2016 | Human | Wound infection, burn | Homeless | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0811 | C. diphtheriae | 2016 | Human | Wound infection | Origin: Poland, homeless, alcohol abuse | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0812 | C. diphtheriae | 2016 | Human | Wound infection, abscess | Homeless | Negative | N.a. | [17] |
KL0818 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2016 | Human | ulcer | Diabetic foot | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0825 | C. ulcerans | 2016 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0832 | C. ulcerans | 2016 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0840 | C. ulcerans | 2016 | Human | Eczema, Erysipelas | Animal contact (cat) | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0846 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2016 | Human | Ulcer | Diabetic foot | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0853 | C. ulcerans | 2016 | Human | Wound infection (post dog bite) | Animal contact (dog) | Negative | N.a. | – |
KL0867 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2016 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0870 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2016 | Human | Eczema | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0876 | C. ulcerans | 2017 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Negative | N.a. | – |
KL0880 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2017 | Human | Ulcer | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0882 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2017 | Boar | NA | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0883 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2017 | Boar | Abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0884 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2017 | Boar | Abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0886 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2017 | Boar | NA | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0887 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2017 | Boar | Abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0927 | C. diphtheriae | 2017 | Human | Wound infection | Homeless | Negative | N.a. | – |
KL0938 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2017 | Boar | Abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0941 | C. ulcerans | 2017 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Negative | N.a. | – |
KL0950 | C. diphtheriae | 2017 | Human | Wound infection | Travel (Thailand)Mixed infection (S. pyogenes) | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0956 | C. diphtheriae | 2017 | Human | Wound infection | NA | Positive | Positive | – |
KL0957 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2017 | Boar | Abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL0968 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2017 | Boar | Abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL1003 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2017 | Boar | Abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL1006 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2017 | Boar | Abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL1007 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2017 | Boar | Abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL1008 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2017 | Boar | Abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL1009 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2017 | Boar | Abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL1010 | Atypical C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2017 | Boar | Abscess | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL1015 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2017 | Human | Carrier status | Animal contact (cat, dog) | Positive | Negative | – |
KL1017 | C. ulcerans | 2017 | Cattle | Milk isolate, mastitis | NA | Negative | N.a. | – |
KL1025 | C. ulcerans (NTTB) | 2017 | Cat | Carrier status | NA | Positive | Negative | – |
KL1058 | C. diphtheriae | 2017 | Human | Wound infection | Travel (Angola), war victim | Negative | N.a. | – |
KL1059 | C. diphtheriae | 2017 | Human | Wound infection | Travel (Angola), war victim | Positive | Positive | – |