Table 4 Major immunity genes in M. domestica and G. pallidipes: The immune genes described for the model insect, Drosophila melanogaster and the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae were obtained from the ImmunoDB [161]. The pathway for the putative immune-related proteins in G. pallidipes and M. domestica were verified by BLASTp searches at the Insect Innate Immunity Database (IIID) (≤10−6; bit score > 75) [164]. The pathways shown in this table have been reviewed by Kingsolver et al. [174]
From: Coevolution of hytrosaviruses and host immune responses
Description of the functions and pathways of immune-related proteins in Drosophila melanogaster | Numbers of homologs | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Immune function | Key pathway | Protein name/sub-family | D. melanogaster | An. gambiae | M. domestica | G. pallidipes |
Pathogen recognition | Lectin | Calcium-dependent (C-type) lectins (CTLs) | 34 | 25 | 37 | 17 |
Phagocytic | Down Syndrome cell adhesion molecule-1 (Dscam1) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
Pathogen pattern-recognition receptor Eater (Eater) | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | ||
Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) | 10 | 13 | 22 | 7 | ||
Signaling | Toll | Spätzle-like proteins (Spätzle) | 6 | 6 | 4 | 7 |
Toll receptors (Tolls) | 9 | 10 | 7 | 6 | ||
MyD88 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Tube | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Pelle | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
TNF-receptor-associated factor-like (TRAF) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||
Cactus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||
Dorsal | 2 | – | 1 | 8 | ||
Signaling | Imd | Immune deficiency (Imd) | 1 | 1 | 1 | – |
TGF-beta activated kinase 1 (Tak1) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Kenny | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | ||
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kB kinase β (IKKb/ird5) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Fas-associated death domain (FADD) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Poor Imd response upon knock-in (PIRK) | 1 | – | 1 | – | ||
Caspar (Casp) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
TAK1-associated binding protein 2 (Tab2) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Relish (Rel) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||
Signaling | JAK/STAT | Domeless | 1 | 1 | – | 1 |
Janus kinase (Hopscotch) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat92E) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||
Signaling | JNK | Jun kinase (JNK)/basket | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Dual-specificity MAPK hemipterous (hep) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Jun-related antigen (Jra/Jun) | 1 | 1 | – | 2 | ||
Effectors | AMP | Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) | 21 | 11 | 21 | 4 |
Lysozyme | 17 | 8 | 29 | 5 | ||
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Modulators | Exocytic | CLIP-Domain Serine Proteases (CLIPs) | 47 | 55 | 132 | 72 |
Proteolytic | Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) | 29 | 21 | 35 | 14 | |
Melanization or Encapsulation | Humoral | Prophenoloxidase (PPO) | 3 | 9 | 25 | 8 |
RNAi response | Small RNA Regulatory Pathways (SRRPs) | Argonaute (Ago) | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
Armitage (Armi) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Aubergine (Aub) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Dicer (Dcr) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||
Drosha | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Loquacious (Loqs) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ||
Partner of Drosha (Pasha) | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | ||
P-element induced wimpy testis (Piwi) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
R2D2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||
Spindle-E (Spn-E) or Homeless | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ||
Tudor staphylococcal nuclease (Tudor-SN) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||