Fig. 7

The pro-inflammatory response to a secondary challenge with LPS or Pam3CSK4 is blunted after THP-1 macrophages pre-exposure to MVs released during infection or bacterial culture. The TNF-α response to LPS or Pam3CSK4 upon MVs pretreatment was determined and is shown separately for bacterial MVs (bMVs) or mixed MVs isolated from THP-1 macrophages infected with NTHi (a), Mrc (b), Psa (c), and Spn (d). THP-1 macrophages were pre-incubated with purified MVs/bMVs for 1 h before secondary stimuli were added and the cells were exposed overnight to these components or to a combination. Data are represented as the mean ± SEM (n ≥ 4). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01