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Fig. 3 | BMC Microbiology

Fig. 3

From: Immunomodulatory role for membrane vesicles released by THP-1 macrophages and respiratory pathogens during macrophage infection

Fig. 3

Time dependent increase in the release of CD63/CD81+ host cell MVs, by uninfected THP-1 macrophages (Ctrl), and by THP-1 macrophages upon exposure to viable or heat-inactivated NTHi, Mrc, Spn, and Psa. THP-1 macrophages were infected (a) or stimulated with (heat-inactivated) bacteria (b) at an MOI of 10 for 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. The supernatants were collected and used for bead-based flow cytometric analysis to determine (a) the relative number of CD63+/CD81+ MVs after infection (n = 4 except for spn (n = 3) or (b) stimulation with heat-inactivated bacteria (n = 3). After infection, the MV release increased over time and at all the 8-h time points the MV numbers for all conditions were significantly increased over the 2 h time points, except for NTHi. After stimulation with heat-inactivated bacteria, no significant increase was found between MVs release at 8 h and 2 h of stimulation (c). After 8 h of infection there was a tendency towards an increased release of MVs for all pathogens as compared to control, which was significant after Psa-infection (n = 4 except for spn: n = 3). Data are means ± the SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01

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