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Table 2 Gene Expression Effects of Probiotic Bacteria on S. enterica-Challenged Mice (Fold Change in mRNA Expression vs. Control)

From: Probiotic bacteria prevent Salmonella – induced suppression of lymphoproliferation in mice by an immunomodulatory mechanism

Gene-coded protein/Function

Fold Changea

B and T cell activation genesb

Cd2/Induces IFN-γ, interacts with PTPRC

+ 2.9

Cd21 (Cr2)/B cell complement receptor

+ 3.0

Hells/Helicase - Cell growth, DNA methylation

+ 2.5

Hsp90aa1/AKT signal transduction pathway, protein chaperon

+ 2.3

Il4/TH-2 cytokine (IL-4)

- 2.6

Il10/TH-2 cytokine (IL-10)

+ 3.6

Il12b/TH-1 cytokine (IL-12p40)

- 2.7

Impdh/Cell growth

+ 2.5

Nkx2.3/Lymphocyte cellular differentiation

+ 2.3

Prkcd/B-cell signal transduction and apoptosis

+ 2.2

Prlr/Prolactin receptor

+ 2.1

Ptprc/(CD45/B220) cell growth/differentiation

+ 3.0

Tlr1/Proinflammatory receptor for microbes

- 2.5

Tlr6/Proinflammatory receptor for microbes

+ 2.3

Vav1/T and B cell activation via JNK and P38

+ 2.1

Wwp1/E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

+ 2.4

Zap70/T cell receptor cofactor

- 2.4

Nf-κb signal transduction genesc

 

Bcl2/Anti-apoptotic signaling

- 1.1

Bcl2l10/Pro-apoptotic, pro-inflammatory signaling

- 1.8

Cflar/Pro-apoptotic signaling

- 1.2

Egr1/B-cell receptor signaling

- 2.1

Fasl/Intercellular signaling, pro-apoptotic

- 3.3

Fos/Intracellular signaling, pro-apoptotic

- 3.1

Icam1/Leukocyte movement, signaling

- 2.3

Iκκa (Chuk)/Pro-inflammatory activator of NF-κB

- 2.1

Irak2/Induces NFκB nuclear translocation

+ 2.3

Jun/(AP-1) B-cell and T-cell receptor signaling

+ 2.1

Mekk/(Map3k1) Pro-inflammatory

- 2.2

Myd88/Pro-apoptotic and inflammatory adapter

- 3.8

Nfkbia/Blocks NFκB nuclear translocation

- 2.1

Relb/NFκB cofactor activation in B-cells

- 3.0

Ripk1/Pro-inflammatory, apoptosis regulatory

- 1.1

Rnf7/IκB ubiquitination – pro-apoptotic, pro-inflammatory

- 3.8

Traf2/Pro-inflammatory, apoptosis regulatory

- 1.7

Apoptosis genesd

Akt1/Anti-apoptotic

- 2.1

Bad/Anti- apoptotic

- 2.2

Card10/Proinflammatory via NFκB, pro-apoptotic

- 4.3

Casp2/Pro-apoptotic

- 2.3

Casp12/Pro-apoptotic

- 2.8

Dad1/Possible apoptosis inhibitor

- 3.1

Fadd/Pro-apoptotic

- 2.2

Pak7/Protein kinase induces proliferation/ anti-apoptotic

- 4.2

Tnf/Pro-apoptotic cytokine

- 2.4

  1. aThe mean (n = 4/group) fold change in qRT-PCR threshold cycles (CT) between tissue RNA samples amplified from probiotic-treated versus untreated control mice were calculated as 2(−ΔΔCT), where ΔCT is the housekeeping gene-normalized average CT and ΔΔCT is the ΔCT(treatment)- ΔCT(control). Positive values indicate increased expression and negative values indicate reduced expression
  2. bResults from Qiagen PAMM-053 Mouse T and B Cell Activation Array
  3. cResults from Qiagen PAMM-025 Mouse NF-κB Array
  4. dResults from Qiagen PAMM-012 Mouse Apoptosis Array