Emerging Helicobacter pylori levofloxacin resistance and novel genetic mutation in Nepal

BMC Microbiology

Table 7 Regions with reported resistance and potential rescue regimens for H. pylori eradication in Asia [5]

Resistance type	Country	First- and second-line therapy							Rescue therapy
Resistance type	Country	CAM-based triple therapy	MNZ-based triple therapy	BIS-based quadruple therapy	non-BIS quadruple `concomitant` therapy	furazolidone-based triple therapy	Sequential therapy	Hybrid therapy	LVX-based triple therapy	RIF-based triple therapy
Low resistance to four antibiotics	Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
High CAM resistance (>20 %)	Japan		√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
High MNZ resistance (>40 %)	China-Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Bhutan	√		√	√	√	√	√	√	√
High CAM and MNZ resistance	Turkey, Bahrain, Vietnam			√	√			√	√	√
High CAM and LVX resistance	South Korea		√	√	√	√	√	√		√
High CAM, MNZ, and LVX resistance	China-Beijing and Southeast China, Bangladesh, Nepal			√	√	√				√
High CAM, MNZ, and AMX resistance	Indonesia			√		√		√	√	√
High CAM, MNZ, AMX, and LVX (CIP) resistance	Iran, India, Pakistan			√						√

Abbreviations: CAM clarithromycin, MNZ metronidazole, LVX levofloxacin, AMX amoxicillin, CIP ciprofloxacin, TCN tetracycline, RIF Rifabutin

ISSN: 1471-2180