Enterococci in river Ganga surface waters: Propensity of species distribution, dissemination of antimicrobial-resistance and virulence-markers among species along landscape

Table 1 Quantitative enumeration and density estimation of enterococci in surface water samples (n = 15) collected from sites (n = 5) located on river Ganga (Kanpur city) in up-to-down-gradient fashion

Sampling Site	CFU/100 ml water [Median (Range)]	MPN index/100 ml water (Lower 95% CI – Upper 95% CI)^a	p-Value^b
Site 1	32 (23 – 44)	30 (10 – 110)
Site 2	1130 (1034 – 1211)	220 (100 – 580)
Site 3	73000 (67532 – 76848)	350 (160 – 820)	< 0.0001***
Site 4	48000 (43978 – 51078)	300 (100 – 1300)
Site 5	820000 (782841 – 871978)	1600 (600 – 5300)
Control^c	ND	ND

^aLower 95% CI – Upper 95% CI are adopted from Table 9221.IV, Section 9221C. Estimation of Bacterial density, APHA (1998). ^bp-Value was calculated using chi square test for trend, χ² = 1900; df = 1. ^cSterile Milli Q water used as control. ***Statistically significant at alpha < 0.05.
Abbreviations: ND, Not Detected.

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