Figure 1

Cytokine induction in human whole blood by free-soluble material released by live A. actinomycetemcomitans cells. A cytokine antibody array was used to detect cytokines produced by human whole blood after stimulation for 6 h with free-soluble material released from A. actinomycetemcomitans as follows: planktonic D7S (panel a), and a corresponding negative control (panel b); planktonic D7SS (panel c), and a corresponding negative control (panel d); biofilm D7S (panel e), and a corresponding negative control (panel f); planktonic D7S Δcdt/ltx in the absence (panel g) and in the presence (panel h) of polymyxin B (PMB). Serum (50% in PBS) containing no bacteria served as negative controls. The locations of cytokine antibodies and positive (pos) and negative (neg) controls on the array are indicated (panel i).