Figure 5

Flagellin is required for activating multiple signaling pathways during Salmonella infection and leads to nuclear localization of NF-κB. HT29 cells were left untreated, stimulated with TNFα (10 ng/ml) or a cocktail of anisomycin [An] (20 μg/ml)/PMA (12.5 ng/ml) for 15 min, or infected with either wild-type (WT) Salmonella typhimurium strain 1103 or the Salmonella typhimurium double fliC^-/fljB^- mutant strain 134 as indicated. WCE were prepared at the indicated times or at 10 min for TNF-treated cells or 15 min for anisomycin/PMA treated cells and used in EMSAs to analyze NF-κB DNA binding activity, or in immuno-kinase assays (KA) using anti-IKK or anti-JNK antibodies to measure IKK and JNK kinase activity on their respective substrates GST-IκBα 1–54 and GST-cJun 1–79 (as indicated). Immunoblot (IB) analysis of equivalent amounts (40 μg) of protein from each extract was fractionated on SDS-PAGE gels and transferred to PVDF membranes and probed with the indicated antibodies to detect bulk IKK, JNK, ERK and p38 as indicated. Immunoblot analysis using phospho-specific antibodies for ERK and p38 to detect activated ERK and p38 are indicated. B, Immunofluorescence demonstrating that flagellin mutant Salmonella fail to infect HT29 cells and that purified flagellin stimulation of HT29 cells leads to NF-κB nuclear p65 (RelA) localization as determined by indirect immunofluorescence. Imaging of the treatment indicated HT29 cells grown on coverslips was essentially the same as in Fig. 1A & 1B. False coloring of the DAPI stain was used to enhance the visualization of both DAPI stained nuclei and p65 nuclear localization.