The non-metabolizable glucose analog D-glucal inhibits aflatoxin biosynthesis and promotes kojic acid production in Aspergillus flavus

Table 1 Metabolites with significant differences between mycelia of A. flavus grown in media with or without D-glucal (40 mg/mL)

Compounds^a	Relative peak area^b		Fold increase^c	P value^d
Compounds^a	Control	D-glucal
Organic acids
Furanacetic acid	0.0184 ± 0.0039	2.9291 ± 0.2771	159.10	<0.01
Kojic acid	0.0942 ± 0.0333	0.2076 ± 0.0293	2.20	<0.01
Sugar metabolism
Ribitol	0.0066 ± 0.0038	0.0168 ± 0.0051	2.56	<0.01
Glycerol	0.0219 ± 0.0055	0.0514 ± 0.0350	2.34	<0.01
D-glucose	0.0133 ± 0.0060	0.1233 ± 0.0400	9.27	<0.01
D-galactose	0.0317 ± 0.0096	0.1750 ± 0.0743	5.53	<0.01
TCA intermediates
Succinic acid	0.0053 ± 0.0016	0.0020 ± 0.0005	0.37	<0.01
Malic acid	0.0023 ± 0.0013	ND	ND	ND
Fumaric acid	0.0003 ± 0.0001	0.0002 ± 0.0000	0.53	<0.01
Fatty acids
Palmitic acid	0.1428 ± 0.0116	0.0856 ± 0.0144	0.60	<0.01
Stearic acid	0.0702 ± 0.0150	0.0468 ± 0.0072	0.66	<0.01
Oleic acid	0.1957 ± 0.0159	0.0377 ± 0.0093	0.19	<0.01
Linoleic acid	0.2647 ± 0.0219	0.1281 ± 0.0212	0.48	<0.01
Others
Glycine	0.0010 ± 0.0004	0.0004 ± 0.0002	0.39	<0.01
Pyrimidine	0.0018 ± 0.0005	0.0009 ± 0.0001	0.53	<0.01

^aIndividual metabolites were identified by GC-TOF MS, as described in the Methods. ^bRelative peak area as normalized to the peak area of heptadecanoic acid. ^cFolds represents the relative peak areas in D-glucal-treated samples/peak areas in the control. ^dStatistical differences between control and D-glucal treated samples were calculated by two-tailed Student’s t-test. N.D.: not detected.

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